POLICE EFFECTIVENESS AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA.
Keywords:
POLICE EFFECTIVENESS, MILITARY, INTERNAL SECURITY, NIGERIA
Abstract
Security of life and property are primary purpose of the Government. The Government through the Nigeria Police fulfils its obligation of security to the Nation. However, in recent times the Military has been involved in internal security operations. The study focuses on the police effectiveness and military involvement in internal security operations in Nigeria. To better under study this, I anchor the theoretical frame work on the relative deprivation theory of Blau & Blau. The theory states that men are most inclined to aggression when subjected to sustained and unjustified frustration and this potential for collective violence varies strongly with the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of groups. This theory is relevant to this study because it underscores the underlining causes of violence in the society. The research methodology adopted exploratory and explanatory approach while questionnaire and personnel observation were used in retrieving required data from the public.125 respondents were selected randomly from two main groups namely: Government officials and private individuals, simple percentages were used to analyze the data and also chi-square method was used in solving the hypothesis. The reliability coefficient for police effectiveness and military involvement in internal security participation questionnaire (PEMIISPAQ) was found to be positive. Four research questions and four hypotheses were raised in the study. The findings reveal that inadequate equipment, inadequate training, inadequate welfare, inadequate funding, and lack of community base policing are the root causes of police incapability to combat internal security operations in Nigeria. The study recommends that the effort of the Nigeria police alone cannot curb the rate of insecurity in the Nation and the military should remain an indispensable partner in internal security operations in the country.
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References
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Achumba, C. Ighomemereho, o.s & Akpor – Robaro, m.o (2013) security
challenges in Nigeria and the Implementations for Business Activities and sustainable development journal of economic and sustainable Development, vol. 14(2), pp 79 – 99
Adebola, G.L and Oluyemi, F(2012) The political and security Implications of cross Borders migration between Nigeria and Her Francophone Neighbors. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow. 1(3), 1-9.
Adeyemi, A.A. (2001) Corruption in the administration of Justice paper at the National Conference on the problem of corruption in Nigeria, organized by Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal studies, Lagos and held at the Chelsea Hotel, Abuja, March, 26-29.
Afinotan, L.A. and Ojakoretu, V. (2009) The Niger Delta Crisis Issues, Challenges and prospects. “African Journal of political science and international Relations 3(5) 191-198
Ahmed. M.S. (2013) Nigeria’s participation in peace keeping operations. A thesis presented in partial completion of the requirements of the certificate of training in United Nations Peace Support operations, peace operations training Institute Available
Akpan. N.s (2010) Kidnapping in Niger Delta: An Exploratory study. Journal of Social Science: 24 (1): 33-42 Retrieved on 03/11/2011 from http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/jss-24-000-10-web/jss-24-/-000-101 Abstract-PDF/jss-24-1-33-10-976-Akpan-N-S/jss-24-133-10-976.
Akuul. t. (2011) The role of the Nigeria police force in maintaining peace and security in Nigeria, journal of Social Science and Public policy, volume 3, march 2011.
Albert. I.O. (2001) The role and process of Action Research in the management of
Violence Community Conflicts in M.Smyth and G. Robinson eds, Research Violently divided Societies: Ethical and methodical issues . Tokyo : United Nation University press.
Ali. A.D (2013) Security and Economic Development in Nigeria since 1960. Kuwati chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 2 (6). 1-7
Alimba, N.C (2014) probing the dynamic of command conflict in Northern Nigeria. African Research Review, Vol.8 (1) Serial No. 32
Alimba, N.C (2014) “probing the dynamics of communal conflict in Northern Nigeria”. An International multidisciplinary Journal. Ethiopia 8, Serial number 32, January, 2014: 177 – 204
Aluko. M.A.O Threats to Nationhood: The Nigeria experience, Journal of the Nigeria Anthropological and sociological Association”, Vol. 1&2, October 1998, pp. 78-84
Amuwo, k. (2005) The peripheral state: Critical Perspectives on the structure and role of the public bureaucracy. Journal of Development Alternatives, Vol. 24, No. 3-4, P.119-130.
Anyabwu, A. (2012) Research Methodology in Business and social science, Owerri Canum Publishers.
Aremu, M.B. (2014) Policing and Terrorism; challenges and issues in intelligence. Ibadan, stirling – Horden publisher.
Azaiki. S (2009) The Evil of Oil (crisis in the Niger Delta) Y books Associated Book-markers Nig. Ltd Ibadan.
Azinge, E (2013) Military in internal security operations: challenges and prospects.
A paper presented at the Nigeria Bar Association 53rd Annual General Conference on the 28th August, 2013. Tinapa Calabar.
Baylis. J. & Smith, S. (2001) The Globalization of the World politics. An
Introduction to International Relation 3rd Edition Oxford University Press, USA
Babawale. T. (2001) The rise of ethnic militatias, de-legitimisation of the state and the threat to Nigerian federalism. West African Review 3.1
Bot. D (2008) Militarization of the Niger-Delta: Implications for National Security. Conference proceedings international conference on the Nigeria state, oil and the Niger Delta, organized by the Department of political science, Niger Delta university, Wilberforce Island. 11-13
Buzan, Barry (2006) “The war on Terrorism as the new macrosecurisation”. Oslo workshop. Oslo, 2006. 1-25
Busan. B. (1992) People states & fear, New York Harvest wheatsheaf press.
Campbell, A.J. (2009) Underdevelopment and development challenges in Nigeria.
Lagos: Mac Evans Publishers.
Chinwokwu, E.C (2012) History and dynamics of terrorism in Nigeria: Socio Political dimension. International Journal of innovative Research and Development 1 (11): 419 – 446. Retrieved from http://www.yird.com/
Craddle (2007) Children in armed conflicts; An information pack Nairobi cradle.
Darmer, M.K. B, Baird, R.M. Rosenbaum, S.E (2004) Civil Liberties V. National Security in a post 9/11 world, New York. Prometheus Books.
Dike, P, (2010). The Nigeria and the Quest for an Ending Security Mechanism, paper on National Security. Present at the Royal United Service Institute, London March 26th, 2010.
Dollard, J.N.E Miller, L.W. Doob, O.H Mowrer and R.R. Sears. 1939 frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press
Egwu S.A (1998) The political Economy of ethnic and Religious conflicts in Nigeria. In Festus Okoye (ed) Ethnic and Religious Rights in Nigeria. Human Rights monitor, Kaduna Nigeria. Pp.15-37
Ejibunu, H.T. (2007) Nigeria’s Niger Delta Crisis: Root causes of lessness. EPU Research papers. Issue 07/07/http://www.aspr.ac.atlepu/research/rpo7/07.pdf
Edeko, S.E. (2011). The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in African: A case study of the Niger Delta in Nigeria sacha Journal of Environmental Studies.
Egbosiuba, M. (2013) Decentralization of Nigeria Police force. Blog, All Things Nigeria html.
Elaigwu, J.I (2015) Crisis and conflict management in Nigeria since 1980, vol. 1.
Nigeria Defense academy Book Series.
Fashola (2014) Construction Amendment: Fashola canvasses state police, special status for Lagos, Naij.Com Blog 16th November.
George, A.G (2014) Ethnic and Religious identities shaping contestation for land base Resources. The Tiv farmers and pastoralist conflicts in central Nigeria. Paper presented at the first Annual conference on Ethnic and Religious conference Resolution and peace building (October 1, 2014, New York City).
Global Peace Index (GPI, 2012). Global Peace Ranking, Institute for Economic and Peace, Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Hazen, J.M, & Horner, J(2007). Small arms, armed violence and Insecurity in Nieria. The Niger Delta in Perspective. Switzerland small Arms Survey.
HumanRight watch, Every ones in on the Game: Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigeria Police Force (NewYork: Human Rights Watch, (2012), 2. www.hrw.org/reports/2010/08/17/everyone-S-game-o.
Ibrahim, T. (2015) Police corruption and the state: Prevalence and consequences, Vol.3, No. 3, Pp. 19-29, March 2015. Published by European Centre for Research, Training and Development UK. (www.eajournals.org)
Ionbighe, TA. Bassey C. & Asuni, J.B (2002) Conflict and instability in the Niger Delta. The watti case, Ibadan : Spectrum book ltd. A publication of Academic Associates Peace Work (AAPW)
Joab – Peterside, S. (2007). On the militarization of Nigeria Niger Delta
Kariimu O.O (2015) Effects of the Nigeria police force, personnel welfare condition on performance, European journal of Research and Reflection in Arts and Humanities, Vol. 3, No.1, ISSN 2056-5887. www.Idpublications.org.
Ladapo, O.A. (2013) Effective investigations, a pivot to efficient criminal justice administration: challenges in Nigeria, African journal of Criminology and justice studies, 5 (2) 79-94.
Lukeman, A.O. (2014). Why Nigeria Police remains a failure in our democratic
setting. Leadership:ng/opinions/NigeriaPSHC-democratic setting. Accessed November 2014.
Njoku. A.O (2009) groundwork of citizenship educational Enugu: Global Express publishers. Pp 172-74
Nwankwo, B.C (2012) Designing Effective proactive preventive security
management policy at the local government council paper presented at a workshop on security management alertness at the local government council, carrier staff and NULGE official, Anambra summit.
Nwagboso, C.C (2012). Security challenge and Economy of the Nigeria State (2007 – 2011). America International Journal of contemporary Research, vol,2. No.6,6p 244-258
Nwaze, C (2011) Corruption in Nigeria; Terrorism in Nigeria. University of Ibadan
Nwolise, O. BC (2008) Fundamental importance of national security in a post
Civil-war democratic polity. Repositioning the Nigeria contemporary experience for 2020 and beyond. Ijah3 (4), s/no 12, September, 2004.
Nwolise O.B.C (2006) National Security and Sustainable Democracy, Ojo E.O edited. Challenges of sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. Nigeria, Ibadan: John Archer Publishers
Nwolise, O.B.C (2008) fundamental Importance of National Scurity in a post civil-war Democratic polity; Repositioning the Nigeria Contemporary Experience for 2020 and Beyond. IJAH 3(4), S/No 12, September, 2004.
Obaro, A.O (2014) The Nigeria police force and the crisis of legitimacy: Re-defining the structure and function of the Nigeria police. European scientific Journal, March 2014 edition vol. 10 No.8 ISSN 1857-7881 (print) e-ISSN 1857-7431
Odekunle, F (2004) Overview of policing in Nigeria problems and suggestions incrime and policing in Nigeria, challenges and options. CLEEN foundation, Lagos.
Ogege, S.O (2013) Insecurity and Sustainable Development: The Boko Haram Debacle in Nigeria” American International Journal of social science, Vol 2, No. 7.
Okechukwu and Anyadike (2013) Security challenges and Security votes in Nigeria, 2008 – 2013, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol.2, No. 8: April, 2013.
Okeineme, G. (2010). Challenges of effective policing in Nigeria. Retrieved 31/11/2015 www.nigeriabestforum.com/...../challenge.
Okiro, M.M (2007) Forword in community policy Nigeria police, state of the Nigeria
Okoli, A.C. and Orin Y A, S (2013) Evaluating the strategic Efficacy of military Involvement in Internal Security Operation (ISOPS) in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 9. Issue (March – April, 2013). P. 21 – 23
Onifade, C, Im honopi. D. And Urim, U.M (2013) ADDRESSING THE
INSECURITY CHALLENGES IN Nigeria, the imperative of moral values and Ethnics. Global Journal of Human Science and Political Science. Vol. 13, issues 2.
Onucha. F. (2013) Porous Borders and Boko Haram’s Arms Smuggling Operation in Nigeria. Retrieved from Aljazeera center for studies Report: http://studies.aljazeera.net/mvitems/documents
Onwuka, A. (2011) Why Nigeria Police is corrupt and ineffective. Nigeria police watch. August 9, http://Nigeria.profilewatch
Ordu, G.E.O. (2015) Insecurity and Islamic fundamentalism in Nigeria: A Nation at Brink with Boko Haram, International journal of Humanities Social Science and Education, Vol.2 issues 5, pp.210-221. www.arcJournal.org
Ote C.O and Mexandev F.N. (2012) The Nigeria politics, safety and Public policing: An Overview. International Journal of Asian Social Science. 2(7): 79
Ozoemena, M. (2009) Democracy and National Security, Medusa Academic Publishers.
Peatsall, B. (2012). Sleep disorders, work shifts and officers wellness, NIJ Journal 270, www. NIJ.gov/journal/270/pages/ Officer-wellness.aspx
Prester, T. (2011) Communal describes religio-political violence in Kaduna Nigeria. Mission and World Christianity
Reuben, A.(2008) The of the media in enhancing police efficiency paper presented at the police service commission Retreat on understanding the mandate and the operations of the police commission in the context of the Rule of Law, at mic con Golf Resort, Ada, Osun State. Tuesday, August 19.
Rourke, J. and Boyer, M. (2012) World politics. International Politics on the world stage. Brief. MC GrawHill / Dushkin Connecticut USA.
Roy. R. Kenneth, N. and Gary. C. (2005) police and society. California, Roxbury publishing company.
Spector, B. (2011) Negoitating peace and confronting corruption. Washington, DC: United States Institute of peace mass
Sulieman, T.(2012) The wages of Evil TELL, may 14, Pp.44-45. The Genesis of Ethnic militia in Rivers State. Working paper no 21123:3*4 October. Porthacourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science (CASS).
Sullivian. L.E (2005) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Thousand oaks’: saga Publications NewYork (cited in Obaro)
Uhunmwuangho, S.O and Aluforo, E. (2011) Challenges and Solutions to Ethmo Religious conflicts in Nigeria: Case Study of the Jos crises, Journal of sustainable Development in African, volume 13, No. 5, 109-124.
Umeagbalasi, E.& Ifeoma. J (2013) Nigeria Police force. The good versus the bad & ugly master web citizen info @ [email protected] accessed 11/12/2014.
Usang. E.E (2014) Effect of proliferation of small arms and light weapons on the Development of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Developing country Studies, ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (online) Vol. 4, No 10, 2014.
Viotti kauppi. M (2009) International Relations and World politics, security, Economy Identity 4th Edition, Pearson International. Carlisle publishing Services.
Zabadi, S. (2005) Understanding Security and Security Sector Dynamics. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Achumba, C. Ighomemereho, o.s & Akpor – Robaro, m.o (2013) security
challenges in Nigeria and the Implementations for Business Activities and sustainable development journal of economic and sustainable Development, vol. 14(2), pp 79 – 99
Adebola, G.L and Oluyemi, F(2012) The political and security Implications of cross Borders migration between Nigeria and Her Francophone Neighbors. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow. 1(3), 1-9.
Adeyemi, A.A. (2001) Corruption in the administration of Justice paper at the National Conference on the problem of corruption in Nigeria, organized by Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal studies, Lagos and held at the Chelsea Hotel, Abuja, March, 26-29.
Afinotan, L.A. and Ojakoretu, V. (2009) The Niger Delta Crisis Issues, Challenges and prospects. “African Journal of political science and international Relations 3(5) 191-198
Ahmed. M.S. (2013) Nigeria’s participation in peace keeping operations. A thesis presented in partial completion of the requirements of the certificate of training in United Nations Peace Support operations, peace operations training Institute Available
Akpan. N.s (2010) Kidnapping in Niger Delta: An Exploratory study. Journal of Social Science: 24 (1): 33-42 Retrieved on 03/11/2011 from http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/jss-24-000-10-web/jss-24-/-000-101 Abstract-PDF/jss-24-1-33-10-976-Akpan-N-S/jss-24-133-10-976.
Akuul. t. (2011) The role of the Nigeria police force in maintaining peace and security in Nigeria, journal of Social Science and Public policy, volume 3, march 2011.
Albert. I.O. (2001) The role and process of Action Research in the management of
Violence Community Conflicts in M.Smyth and G. Robinson eds, Research Violently divided Societies: Ethical and methodical issues . Tokyo : United Nation University press.
Ali. A.D (2013) Security and Economic Development in Nigeria since 1960. Kuwati chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 2 (6). 1-7
Alimba, N.C (2014) probing the dynamic of command conflict in Northern Nigeria. African Research Review, Vol.8 (1) Serial No. 32
Alimba, N.C (2014) “probing the dynamics of communal conflict in Northern Nigeria”. An International multidisciplinary Journal. Ethiopia 8, Serial number 32, January, 2014: 177 – 204
Aluko. M.A.O Threats to Nationhood: The Nigeria experience, Journal of the Nigeria Anthropological and sociological Association”, Vol. 1&2, October 1998, pp. 78-84
Amuwo, k. (2005) The peripheral state: Critical Perspectives on the structure and role of the public bureaucracy. Journal of Development Alternatives, Vol. 24, No. 3-4, P.119-130.
Anyabwu, A. (2012) Research Methodology in Business and social science, Owerri Canum Publishers.
Aremu, M.B. (2014) Policing and Terrorism; challenges and issues in intelligence. Ibadan, stirling – Horden publisher.
Azaiki. S (2009) The Evil of Oil (crisis in the Niger Delta) Y books Associated Book-markers Nig. Ltd Ibadan.
Azinge, E (2013) Military in internal security operations: challenges and prospects.
A paper presented at the Nigeria Bar Association 53rd Annual General Conference on the 28th August, 2013. Tinapa Calabar.
Baylis. J. & Smith, S. (2001) The Globalization of the World politics. An
Introduction to International Relation 3rd Edition Oxford University Press, USA
Babawale. T. (2001) The rise of ethnic militatias, de-legitimisation of the state and the threat to Nigerian federalism. West African Review 3.1
Bot. D (2008) Militarization of the Niger-Delta: Implications for National Security. Conference proceedings international conference on the Nigeria state, oil and the Niger Delta, organized by the Department of political science, Niger Delta university, Wilberforce Island. 11-13
Buzan, Barry (2006) “The war on Terrorism as the new macrosecurisation”. Oslo workshop. Oslo, 2006. 1-25
Busan. B. (1992) People states & fear, New York Harvest wheatsheaf press.
Campbell, A.J. (2009) Underdevelopment and development challenges in Nigeria.
Lagos: Mac Evans Publishers.
Chinwokwu, E.C (2012) History and dynamics of terrorism in Nigeria: Socio Political dimension. International Journal of innovative Research and Development 1 (11): 419 – 446. Retrieved from http://www.yird.com/
Craddle (2007) Children in armed conflicts; An information pack Nairobi cradle.
Darmer, M.K. B, Baird, R.M. Rosenbaum, S.E (2004) Civil Liberties V. National Security in a post 9/11 world, New York. Prometheus Books.
Dike, P, (2010). The Nigeria and the Quest for an Ending Security Mechanism, paper on National Security. Present at the Royal United Service Institute, London March 26th, 2010.
Dollard, J.N.E Miller, L.W. Doob, O.H Mowrer and R.R. Sears. 1939 frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press
Egwu S.A (1998) The political Economy of ethnic and Religious conflicts in Nigeria. In Festus Okoye (ed) Ethnic and Religious Rights in Nigeria. Human Rights monitor, Kaduna Nigeria. Pp.15-37
Ejibunu, H.T. (2007) Nigeria’s Niger Delta Crisis: Root causes of lessness. EPU Research papers. Issue 07/07/http://www.aspr.ac.atlepu/research/rpo7/07.pdf
Edeko, S.E. (2011). The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in African: A case study of the Niger Delta in Nigeria sacha Journal of Environmental Studies.
Egbosiuba, M. (2013) Decentralization of Nigeria Police force. Blog, All Things Nigeria html.
Elaigwu, J.I (2015) Crisis and conflict management in Nigeria since 1980, vol. 1.
Nigeria Defense academy Book Series.
Fashola (2014) Construction Amendment: Fashola canvasses state police, special status for Lagos, Naij.Com Blog 16th November.
George, A.G (2014) Ethnic and Religious identities shaping contestation for land base Resources. The Tiv farmers and pastoralist conflicts in central Nigeria. Paper presented at the first Annual conference on Ethnic and Religious conference Resolution and peace building (October 1, 2014, New York City).
Global Peace Index (GPI, 2012). Global Peace Ranking, Institute for Economic and Peace, Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Hazen, J.M, & Horner, J(2007). Small arms, armed violence and Insecurity in Nieria. The Niger Delta in Perspective. Switzerland small Arms Survey.
HumanRight watch, Every ones in on the Game: Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigeria Police Force (NewYork: Human Rights Watch, (2012), 2. www.hrw.org/reports/2010/08/17/everyone-S-game-o.
Ibrahim, T. (2015) Police corruption and the state: Prevalence and consequences, Vol.3, No. 3, Pp. 19-29, March 2015. Published by European Centre for Research, Training and Development UK. (www.eajournals.org)
Ionbighe, TA. Bassey C. & Asuni, J.B (2002) Conflict and instability in the Niger Delta. The watti case, Ibadan : Spectrum book ltd. A publication of Academic Associates Peace Work (AAPW)
Joab – Peterside, S. (2007). On the militarization of Nigeria Niger Delta
Kariimu O.O (2015) Effects of the Nigeria police force, personnel welfare condition on performance, European journal of Research and Reflection in Arts and Humanities, Vol. 3, No.1, ISSN 2056-5887. www.Idpublications.org.
Ladapo, O.A. (2013) Effective investigations, a pivot to efficient criminal justice administration: challenges in Nigeria, African journal of Criminology and justice studies, 5 (2) 79-94.
Lukeman, A.O. (2014). Why Nigeria Police remains a failure in our democratic
setting. Leadership:ng/opinions/NigeriaPSHC-democratic setting. Accessed November 2014.
Njoku. A.O (2009) groundwork of citizenship educational Enugu: Global Express publishers. Pp 172-74
Nwankwo, B.C (2012) Designing Effective proactive preventive security
management policy at the local government council paper presented at a workshop on security management alertness at the local government council, carrier staff and NULGE official, Anambra summit.
Nwagboso, C.C (2012). Security challenge and Economy of the Nigeria State (2007 – 2011). America International Journal of contemporary Research, vol,2. No.6,6p 244-258
Nwaze, C (2011) Corruption in Nigeria; Terrorism in Nigeria. University of Ibadan
Nwolise, O. BC (2008) Fundamental importance of national security in a post
Civil-war democratic polity. Repositioning the Nigeria contemporary experience for 2020 and beyond. Ijah3 (4), s/no 12, September, 2004.
Nwolise O.B.C (2006) National Security and Sustainable Democracy, Ojo E.O edited. Challenges of sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. Nigeria, Ibadan: John Archer Publishers
Nwolise, O.B.C (2008) fundamental Importance of National Scurity in a post civil-war Democratic polity; Repositioning the Nigeria Contemporary Experience for 2020 and Beyond. IJAH 3(4), S/No 12, September, 2004.
Obaro, A.O (2014) The Nigeria police force and the crisis of legitimacy: Re-defining the structure and function of the Nigeria police. European scientific Journal, March 2014 edition vol. 10 No.8 ISSN 1857-7881 (print) e-ISSN 1857-7431
Odekunle, F (2004) Overview of policing in Nigeria problems and suggestions incrime and policing in Nigeria, challenges and options. CLEEN foundation, Lagos.
Ogege, S.O (2013) Insecurity and Sustainable Development: The Boko Haram Debacle in Nigeria” American International Journal of social science, Vol 2, No. 7.
Okechukwu and Anyadike (2013) Security challenges and Security votes in Nigeria, 2008 – 2013, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol.2, No. 8: April, 2013.
Okeineme, G. (2010). Challenges of effective policing in Nigeria. Retrieved 31/11/2015 www.nigeriabestforum.com/...../challenge.
Okiro, M.M (2007) Forword in community policy Nigeria police, state of the Nigeria
Okoli, A.C. and Orin Y A, S (2013) Evaluating the strategic Efficacy of military Involvement in Internal Security Operation (ISOPS) in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 9. Issue (March – April, 2013). P. 21 – 23
Onifade, C, Im honopi. D. And Urim, U.M (2013) ADDRESSING THE
INSECURITY CHALLENGES IN Nigeria, the imperative of moral values and Ethnics. Global Journal of Human Science and Political Science. Vol. 13, issues 2.
Onucha. F. (2013) Porous Borders and Boko Haram’s Arms Smuggling Operation in Nigeria. Retrieved from Aljazeera center for studies Report: http://studies.aljazeera.net/mvitems/documents
Onwuka, A. (2011) Why Nigeria Police is corrupt and ineffective. Nigeria police watch. August 9, http://Nigeria.profilewatch
Ordu, G.E.O. (2015) Insecurity and Islamic fundamentalism in Nigeria: A Nation at Brink with Boko Haram, International journal of Humanities Social Science and Education, Vol.2 issues 5, pp.210-221. www.arcJournal.org
Ote C.O and Mexandev F.N. (2012) The Nigeria politics, safety and Public policing: An Overview. International Journal of Asian Social Science. 2(7): 79
Ozoemena, M. (2009) Democracy and National Security, Medusa Academic Publishers.
Peatsall, B. (2012). Sleep disorders, work shifts and officers wellness, NIJ Journal 270, www. NIJ.gov/journal/270/pages/ Officer-wellness.aspx
Prester, T. (2011) Communal describes religio-political violence in Kaduna Nigeria. Mission and World Christianity
Reuben, A.(2008) The of the media in enhancing police efficiency paper presented at the police service commission Retreat on understanding the mandate and the operations of the police commission in the context of the Rule of Law, at mic con Golf Resort, Ada, Osun State. Tuesday, August 19.
Rourke, J. and Boyer, M. (2012) World politics. International Politics on the world stage. Brief. MC GrawHill / Dushkin Connecticut USA.
Roy. R. Kenneth, N. and Gary. C. (2005) police and society. California, Roxbury publishing company.
Spector, B. (2011) Negoitating peace and confronting corruption. Washington, DC: United States Institute of peace mass
Sulieman, T.(2012) The wages of Evil TELL, may 14, Pp.44-45. The Genesis of Ethnic militia in Rivers State. Working paper no 21123:3*4 October. Porthacourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science (CASS).
Sullivian. L.E (2005) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Thousand oaks’: saga Publications NewYork (cited in Obaro)
Uhunmwuangho, S.O and Aluforo, E. (2011) Challenges and Solutions to Ethmo Religious conflicts in Nigeria: Case Study of the Jos crises, Journal of sustainable Development in African, volume 13, No. 5, 109-124.
Umeagbalasi, E.& Ifeoma. J (2013) Nigeria Police force. The good versus the bad & ugly master web citizen info @ [email protected] accessed 11/12/2014.
Usang. E.E (2014) Effect of proliferation of small arms and light weapons on the Development of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Developing country Studies, ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (online) Vol. 4, No 10, 2014.
Viotti kauppi. M (2009) International Relations and World politics, security, Economy Identity 4th Edition, Pearson International. Carlisle publishing Services.
Zabadi, S. (2005) Understanding Security and Security Sector Dynamics. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Published
2020-04-30
How to Cite
Obasi francis eze. (2020). POLICE EFFECTIVENESS AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA. IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 5(4), 58-92. https://doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v5i4.3630
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